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Bahrain (/bɑːˈreɪn/ (About this soundlisten) bar-AYN; Arabic: البحرين‎, romanized: al-Baḥrayn, IPA: [al baħˈrajn], locally [æl baħˈreːn] (About this soundlisten)), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain (Arabic: مملكة البحرين‎ About this soundMamlakat al-Baḥrayn), is a country in the Persian Gulf. The island nation comprises a small archipelago made up of 70 natural islands and an additional 33 artificial islands, centered around Bahrain Island which makes up around 83 percent of the country's landmass. The country is situated between the Qatari peninsula and the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia to which it is connected by the 25-kilometre (16 mi) King Fahd Causeway. According to the 2020 census, Bahrain's population numbers 1,501,635 people, of which 712,362 are Bahraini nationals.[4] At 760 square kilometres (290 sq mi)[12] in size, it is the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore.[13] The capital and largest city is Manama.

Bahrain is the site of the ancient Dilmun civilization.[14] It has been famed since antiquity for its pearl fisheries, which were considered the best in the world into the 19th century.[15] Bahrain was one of the earliest areas to convert to Islam, during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad in 628 CE. Following a period of Arab rule, Bahrain was ruled by the Portuguese Empire from 1521 until 1602, following the conquest by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty under the Persian Empire. In 1783, the Bani Utbah clan captured Bahrain from Nasr Al-Madhkur and it has since been ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family, with Ahmed al Fateh as Bahrain's first hakim.

In the late 1800s, following successive treaties with the British, Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom. In 1971, it declared independence. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared an Islamic constitutional monarchy in 2002.

In 2011, the country experienced protests inspired by the regional Arab Spring.[16] Bahrain's ruling Al Khalifa royal family has been criticised for violating the human rights of groups including dissidents, political opposition figures, and its majority Shia Muslim population.[17]

Bahrain developed the first post-oil economy in the Persian Gulf,[18] the result of decades of investing in the banking and tourism sectors;[19] many of the world's largest financial institutions have a presence in the country's capital. It subsequently has a high Human Development Index and is recognised by the World Bank as a high-income economy. Bahrain is a member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Gulf Cooperation Council.



Contents
1	Etymology
2	History
2.1	Antiquity
2.2	Islamic Time
2.3	Middle Ages
2.4	Early modern era
2.5	19th century and later
2.6	Independence
2.7	Bahraini protests 2011–13
3	Geography
3.1	Climate
3.2	Biodiversity
4	Government and politics
4.1	Military
4.2	Foreign relations
4.3	Human rights
4.4	Women's rights
4.5	Media
4.6	Governorates
5	Economy
5.1	Tourism
6	Infrastructure
6.1	Telecommunications
6.2	Science and technology
6.3	Policy framework
6.4	New infrastructure for science and education
6.5	Investment in education and research
6.6	Trends in research output
7	Demographics
7.1	Ethnic groups
7.2	Religion
7.3	Languages
7.4	Education
7.5	Health
8	Culture
8.1	Art
8.2	Literature
8.3	Music
8.4	Entertainment
8.5	Sports
8.6	Holidays
9	See also
10	References
10.1	Citations
10.2	Sources
11	External links
Etymology

A 1745 Bellin map of the historical region of Bahrain
Bahrayn is the dual form of Arabic bahr ("sea"), so al-Bahrayn originally means "the two seas". However, the name has been lexicalised as a feminine proper noun and does not follow the grammatical rules for duals; thus its form is always Bahrayn and never Bahrān, the expected nominative form. Endings are added to the word with no changes, as in the name of the national anthem Bahraynunā ("our Bahrain") or the demonym Bahraynī. The medieval grammarian al-Jawahari commented on this saying that the more formally correct term Bahrī (lit. "belonging to the sea") would have been misunderstood and so was unused.[20][page needed]

It remains disputed which "two seas" the name Bahrayn originally refers to.[21] The term appears five times in the Quran, but does not refer to the modern island—originally known to the Arabs as Awal—but, rather, to all of Eastern Arabia (most notably al-Katif and al-Hasa).[21]

Today, Bahrain's "two seas" are generally taken to be the bay east and west of the island,[22][page needed] the seas north and south of the island,[23] or the salt and fresh water present above and below the ground.[20][page needed] In addition to wells, there are areas of the sea north of Bahrain where fresh water bubbles up in the middle of the saltwater as noted by visitors since antiquity.[24][page needed] An alternate theory with regard to Bahrain's toponymy is offered by the al-Ahsa region, which suggests that the two seas were the Great Green Ocean (the Persian Gulf) and a peaceful lake on the Arabian mainland.

Until the late Middle Ages, "Bahrain" referred to the region of Eastern Arabia that included Southern Iraq, Kuwait, Al-Hasa, Qatif, and Bahrain. The region stretched from Basra in Iraq to the Strait of Hormuz in Oman. This was Iqlīm al-Bahrayn's "Bahrayn Province." The exact date at which the term "Bahrain" began to refer solely to the Awal archipelago is unknown.[25] The entire coastal strip of Eastern Arabia was known as "Bahrain" for a millennium.[26] The island and kingdom were also commonly spelled Bahrein[15][27] into the 1950s.

History
Main article: History of Bahrain
Antiquity

Map showing the locations of the ancient burial mounds. There are an estimated 350,000 burial mounds.

The Persian Empire in Sassanid era on the eve of the Arab conquest, c. 600 AD.
Bahrain was home to Dilmun, an important Bronze Age trade centre linking Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley.[28] Bahrain was later ruled by the Assyrians and Babylonians.[29]

From the sixth to third century BC, Bahrain was part of the Achaemenid Empire. By about 250 BC, Parthia brought the Persian Gulf under its control and extended its influence as far as Oman. The Parthians established garrisons along the southern coast of the Persian Gulf to control trade routes.[30][page needed]

During the classical era, Bahrain was referred to by the ancient Greeks as Tylos, the centre of pearl trading, when the Greek admiral Nearchus serving under Alexander the Great landed on Bahrain.[31] Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander's commanders to visit the island, and he found a verdant land that was part of a wide trading network; he recorded: "That on the island of Tylos, situated in the Persian Gulf, are large plantations of cotton trees, from which are manufactured clothes called sindones, of strongly differing degrees of value, some being costly, others less expensive. The use of these is not confined to India, but extends to Arabia."[32] The Greek historian Theophrastus states that much of Bahrain was covered by these cotton trees and that Bahrain was famous for exporting walking canes engraved with emblems that were customarily carried in Babylon.[33]

Alexander had planned to settle Greek colonists in Bahrain, and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged, Bahrain became very much part of the Hellenised world: the language of the upper classes was Greek (although Aramaic was in everyday use), while Zeus was worshipped in the form of the Arabian sun-god Shams.[34] Bahrain even became the site of Greek athletic contests.[35]

The Greek historian Strabo believed the Phoenicians originated from Bahrain.[36] Herodotus also believed that the homeland of the Phoenicians was Bahrain.[37][38] This theory was accepted by the 19th-century German classicist Arnold Heeren who said that: "In the Greek geographers, for instance, we read of two islands, named Tyrus or Tylos, and Aradus, which boasted that they were the mother country of the Phoenicians, and exhibited relics of Phoenician temples."[39][title missing] The people of Tyre, in particular, have long maintained Persian Gulf origins, and the similarity in the words "Tylos" and "Tyre" has been commented upon.[40] However, there is little evidence of any human settlement at all on Bahrain during the time when such migration had supposedly taken place.[41]

The name Tylos is thought to be a Hellenisation of the Semitic Tilmun (from Dilmun).[42] The term Tylos was commonly used for the islands until Ptolemy's Geographia when the inhabitants are referred to as Thilouanoi.[43][title missing] Some place names in Bahrain go back to the Tylos era; for instance the name of Arad, a residential suburb of Muharraq, is believed to originate from "Arados", the ancient Greek name for Muharraq.[31]

In the 3rd century, Ardashir I, the first ruler of the Sassanid dynasty, marched on Oman and Bahrain, where he defeated Sanatruq the ruler of Bahrain.[44] At this time, Bahrain was known as Mishmahig (which in Middle-Persian/Pahlavi means "ewe-fish").[45][title missing]

Bahrain was also the site of worship of an ox deity called Awal (Arabic: اوال‎) Worshipers built a large statue to Awal in Muharraq, although it has now been lost. For many centuries after Tylos, Bahrain was known as Awal. By the 5th century, Bahrain became a centre for Nestorian Christianity, with the village Samahij[46] as the seat of bishops. In 410, according to the Oriental Syriac Church synodal records, a bishop named Batai was excommunicated from the church in Bahrain.[43] As a sect, the Nestorians were often persecuted as heretics by the Byzantine Empire, but Bahrain was outside the Empire's control, offering some safety. The names of several Muharraq villages today reflect Bahrain's Christian legacy, with Al Dair meaning "the monastery".

Bahrain's pre-Islamic population consisted of Christian Arabs (mostly Abd al-Qays), Persians (Zoroastrians...

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